Aerobic Exercise Only or in Combination with Resistance Exercise Provides a Significant Reduction in Blood Pressure: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
Blood Pressure, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, Resistance Training
Abstract
Hypertension is a major global health concern and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While pharmacological therapy remains central, lifestyle interventions, particularly Aerobic Exercise (AE), offer a cost-effective, safe, and sustainable strategy for reducing Blood Pressure (BP) and improving cardiovascular health. Evidence indicates AE consistently lowers Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) more than Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), with clinically meaningful reductions in both. This review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effects of AE, alone or combined with Resistance Training (RT) or dietary interventions, on BP in individuals with hypertension, elucidate underlying mechanisms, identify moderating factors, and evaluate safety considerations. A narrative review of English-language articles published from 2015 to 2025 was conducted via PubMed, including original and review studies, as well as selected textbooks. Keywords included “aerobic exercise”, “exercise”, “hypertension”, “blood pressure”, “coronary artery disease”, and “cardiovascular disease”. Eligible studies were synthesized into themes reflecting acute and chronic exercise responses, combination interventions, mechanistic pathways, influencing factors, and safety. Thirty-four publications (26 original articles, 6 reviews, 2 textbooks) were included. AE alone or combined with RT consistently reduced SBP, with smaller reductions in DBP, whereas the combination with a hypocaloric diet primarily enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. Mechanisms include improved endothelial function, autonomic regulation, metabolic efficiency, and anti-inflammatory effects. Effect size was influenced by age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), medication use, exercise timing, and vascular stiffness. Safety data indicated high tolerability, minimal adverse events, and strong adherence. AE is a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for hypertension, producing clinically significant BP reductions, particularly in SBP. Combining AE with RT or dietary modification offers additional cardiometabolic benefits. These findings reinforce AE as a cornerstone of hypertension management and support its integration into routine clinical practice.
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References
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2. Diaz KM, Shimbo D. Physical activity and the prevention of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013;15(6):659-68.
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10. ACSM. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
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15. Currie KD, Schultz MG, Millar PJ, Pescatello LS. The role of exercise blood pressure in hypertension: Measurement, mechanisms, and management. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025;57(2):425-33.
16. Ammar T. Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure and lipids in overweight hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Exerc Rehabil. 2015;11(3):145-50.
17. Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Garcia C, Bertoquini S, Ribau V, Teixeira M, et al. Effect of exercise training on ambulatory blood pressure among patients with resistant hypertension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(11):1317-23.
18. Maruf F, Akinpelu A, Salako B. Effects of aerobic exercise and drug therapy on blood pressure and antihypertensive drugs: a randomized controlled trial. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13(1):1-9.
19. Belozo FL, Katashima CK, Cordeiro AV, Lenhare L, Alves JF, Silva VRR. Effects of ninety minutes per week of continuous aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive obese humans. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(1):126-32.
20. He L, Wei WR, Can Z. Effects of 12-week brisk walking training on exercise blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension: A pilot study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;40(7):673-9.
21. Flint AC, Conell C, Ren X, Banki NM, Chan SL, Rao VA, et al. Effect of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(3):243-51.
22. Brito LC, Marin TC, Azevêdo L, Rosa-Silva JM, Shea SA, Thosar SS. Chronobiology of exercise: Evaluating the best time to exercise for greater cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. Compr Physiol. 2022;12(3):3621-39.
23. Shen B, Zheng H, Liu H, Chen L, Yang G. Differential benefits of 12-week morning vs. evening aerobic exercise on sleep and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):18298.
24. Hower IM, Harper SA, Buford TW. Circadian rhythms, exercise, and cardiovascular health. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:7.
25. de Brito LC, Rezende RA, da Silva Junior ND, Tinucci T, Casarini DE, Cipolla-Neto J, et al. Post-exercise hypotension and its mechanisms differ after morning and evening exercise: A randomized crossover study. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132458.
26. Caminiti G, Iellamo F, Mancuso A, Cerrito A, Montano M, Manzi V, et al. Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic versus combined aerobic plus resistance exercise training on short-term blood pressure variability in patients with hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2021;130(4):1085-92.
27. Pedralli ML, Marschner RA, Kollet DP, Neto SG, Eibel B, Tanaka H, et al. Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: A randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7628.
28. Schroeder EC, Franke WD, Sharp RL, Lee D-c. Comparative effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210292.
29. Pagonas N, Vlatsas S, Bauer F, Seibert FS, Zidek W, Babel N, et al. Aerobic versus isometric handgrip exercise in hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2017;35(11):2199-206.
30. Li X, Chang P, Wu M, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Chen H, et al. Effect of tai chi vs aerobic exercise on blood pressure in patients with prehypertension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(2):e2354937.
31. Brito LC, Pecanha T, Fecchio RY, Rezende RA, Sousa P, Silva-Júnior D, et al. Morning versus evening aerobic training effects on blood pressure in treated hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(4):653-62.
32. Gorostegi-Anduaga I, Corres P, MartinezAguirre-Betolaza A, Pérez-Asenjo J, Aispuru GR, Fryer SM, et al. Effects of different aerobic exercise programmes with nutritional intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension: EXERDIET-HTA study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(4):343-53.
33. Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Ashor A, Oggioni C, Mathers JC. Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(1):1-15.
34. Tao X, Chen Y, Zhen K, Ren S, Lv Y, Yu L. Effect of continuous aerobic exercise on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1043108.
35. Liang C, Song Z, Yao X, Xiao Q, Fu H, Tang L. Exercise interventions for the effect of endothelial function in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2024;26(6):599-614.
36. Lekavich CL, Allen JD, Bensimhon DR, Bateman LA, Slentz CA, Samsa GP, et al. Aerobic versus resistance training effects on ventricular-arterial coupling and vascular function in the STRRIDE-AT/RT Trial. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:638929.
37. Pierce GL, Harris SA, Seals DR, Casey DP, Barlow PB, Stauss HM. Estimated aortic stiffness is independently associated with cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in humans: role of ageing and habitual endurance exercise. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(9):513-20.
38. Mitchell JH. Abnormal cardiovascular response to exercise in hypertension: contribution of neural factors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;312(6):R851-r63.
39. Perry CGR, Hawley JA. Molecular basis of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis: Historical advances, current knowledge, and future challenges. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(9).
40. Søgaard D, Lund MT, Scheuer CM, Dehlbaek MS, Dideriksen SG, Abildskov CV, et al. High-intensity interval training improves insulin sensitivity in older individuals. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2018;222(4):e13009.
41. Mølmen KS, Almquist NW, Skattebo Ø. Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: A systematic review and meta-regression. Sports Med. 2025;55(1):115-44.
42. Rossman MJ, Kaplon RE, Hill SD, McNamara MN, Santos-Parker JR, Pierce GL, et al. Endothelial cell senescence with aging in healthy humans: prevention by habitual exercise and relation to vascular endothelial function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;313(5):H890-h5.
43. Ross MD. Endothelial regenerative capacity and aging: Influence of diet, exercise and obesity. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2018;14(4):233-44.
44. Doewes RI, Gharibian G, Zadeh FA, Zaman BA, Vahdat S, Akhavan-Sigari R. An updated systematic review on the effects of aerobic exercise on human blood lipid profile. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48(5):101108.
45. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Babyak M, Waugh R, Georgiades A, et al. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(13):1947-58.
46. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, Watkins LL, Craighead L, Lin PH, et al. Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(2):126-35.
47. Jabbarzadeh Ganjeh B, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Daneshvar M, Gohari Z, Norouziasl R, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hypertens Res. 2024;47(2):385-98.
48. Boutouyrie P, Chowienczyk P, Humphrey JD, Mitchell GF. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Circ Res. 2021;128(7):864-86.
49. Bruneau Jr ML, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Larson KA, Ash GI, Pescatello LS. The blood pressure response to acute and chronic aerobic exercise: A meta-analysis of candidate gene association studies. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(5):424-31.
50. Nascimento L, Santos A, Lucena J, Silva L, Almeida A, Brasileiro-Santos M. Acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in resistant hypertension: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18(1):250.
51. Saco-Ledo G, Valenzuela PL, Ramírez-Jiménez M, Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Blumenthal JA, et al. Acute aerobic exercise induces short-term reductions in ambulatory blood pressure in patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2021;78(6):1844-58.
52. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334-57.
53. Feairheller DL, Diaz KM, Kashem MA, Thakkar SR, Veerabhadrappa P, Sturgeon KM, et al. Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on vascular health and blood pressure in a frican a mericans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(7):504-10.
2. Diaz KM, Shimbo D. Physical activity and the prevention of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013;15(6):659-68.
3. Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Alves AJ, Ribeiro F. Exercise as a tool for hypertension and resistant hypertension management: current insights. Integr Blood Press Control. 2018(11):65-71.
4. Verma N, Rastogi S, Chia YC, Siddique S, Turana Y, Cheng Hm, et al. Non‐pharmacological management of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(7):1275-83.
5. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):e147-e67.
6. Rognmo Ø, Moholdt T, Bakken H, Hole T, Mølstad P, Myhr NE, et al. Cardiovascular risk of high-versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation. 2012;126(12):1436-40.
7. Dobrosielski DA. How can exercise reduce cardiovascular disease risk? A primer for the clinician. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2021;131(10):16122.
8. Edwards JJ, Deenmamode AHP, Griffiths M, Arnold O, Cooper NJ, Wiles JD, et al. Exercise training and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(20):1317-26.
9. Carpio-Rivera E, Moncada-Jiménez J, Salazar-Rojas W, Solera-Herrera A. Acute effects of exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analytic investigation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(5):422-33.
10. ACSM. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
11. Cao L, Li X, Yan P, Wang X, Li M, Li R, et al. The effectiveness of aerobic exercise for hypertensive population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019;21(7):868-76.
12. Ojangba T, Boamah S, Miao Y, Guo X, Fen Y, Agboyibor C, et al. Comprehensive effects of lifestyle reform, adherence, and related factors on hypertension control: A review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2023;25(6):509-20.
13. Wilder RP, Jenkins JG, Panchang P, Statuta S. Therapeutic exercise. In: Cifu DX, Kaelin DL, Kowalske KJ, Lew HL, Miller MA, Ragnarsson KT, et al., editors. Braddom’s: Physical medicine & rehabilitation. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc.; 2016. p. 321-46.
14. Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5:135.
15. Currie KD, Schultz MG, Millar PJ, Pescatello LS. The role of exercise blood pressure in hypertension: Measurement, mechanisms, and management. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025;57(2):425-33.
16. Ammar T. Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure and lipids in overweight hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Exerc Rehabil. 2015;11(3):145-50.
17. Lopes S, Mesquita-Bastos J, Garcia C, Bertoquini S, Ribau V, Teixeira M, et al. Effect of exercise training on ambulatory blood pressure among patients with resistant hypertension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(11):1317-23.
18. Maruf F, Akinpelu A, Salako B. Effects of aerobic exercise and drug therapy on blood pressure and antihypertensive drugs: a randomized controlled trial. Afr Health Sci. 2013;13(1):1-9.
19. Belozo FL, Katashima CK, Cordeiro AV, Lenhare L, Alves JF, Silva VRR. Effects of ninety minutes per week of continuous aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive obese humans. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(1):126-32.
20. He L, Wei WR, Can Z. Effects of 12-week brisk walking training on exercise blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension: A pilot study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;40(7):673-9.
21. Flint AC, Conell C, Ren X, Banki NM, Chan SL, Rao VA, et al. Effect of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(3):243-51.
22. Brito LC, Marin TC, Azevêdo L, Rosa-Silva JM, Shea SA, Thosar SS. Chronobiology of exercise: Evaluating the best time to exercise for greater cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. Compr Physiol. 2022;12(3):3621-39.
23. Shen B, Zheng H, Liu H, Chen L, Yang G. Differential benefits of 12-week morning vs. evening aerobic exercise on sleep and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):18298.
24. Hower IM, Harper SA, Buford TW. Circadian rhythms, exercise, and cardiovascular health. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:7.
25. de Brito LC, Rezende RA, da Silva Junior ND, Tinucci T, Casarini DE, Cipolla-Neto J, et al. Post-exercise hypotension and its mechanisms differ after morning and evening exercise: A randomized crossover study. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132458.
26. Caminiti G, Iellamo F, Mancuso A, Cerrito A, Montano M, Manzi V, et al. Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic versus combined aerobic plus resistance exercise training on short-term blood pressure variability in patients with hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2021;130(4):1085-92.
27. Pedralli ML, Marschner RA, Kollet DP, Neto SG, Eibel B, Tanaka H, et al. Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: A randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7628.
28. Schroeder EC, Franke WD, Sharp RL, Lee D-c. Comparative effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210292.
29. Pagonas N, Vlatsas S, Bauer F, Seibert FS, Zidek W, Babel N, et al. Aerobic versus isometric handgrip exercise in hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2017;35(11):2199-206.
30. Li X, Chang P, Wu M, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Chen H, et al. Effect of tai chi vs aerobic exercise on blood pressure in patients with prehypertension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(2):e2354937.
31. Brito LC, Pecanha T, Fecchio RY, Rezende RA, Sousa P, Silva-Júnior D, et al. Morning versus evening aerobic training effects on blood pressure in treated hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(4):653-62.
32. Gorostegi-Anduaga I, Corres P, MartinezAguirre-Betolaza A, Pérez-Asenjo J, Aispuru GR, Fryer SM, et al. Effects of different aerobic exercise programmes with nutritional intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension: EXERDIET-HTA study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(4):343-53.
33. Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Ashor A, Oggioni C, Mathers JC. Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(1):1-15.
34. Tao X, Chen Y, Zhen K, Ren S, Lv Y, Yu L. Effect of continuous aerobic exercise on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1043108.
35. Liang C, Song Z, Yao X, Xiao Q, Fu H, Tang L. Exercise interventions for the effect of endothelial function in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2024;26(6):599-614.
36. Lekavich CL, Allen JD, Bensimhon DR, Bateman LA, Slentz CA, Samsa GP, et al. Aerobic versus resistance training effects on ventricular-arterial coupling and vascular function in the STRRIDE-AT/RT Trial. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:638929.
37. Pierce GL, Harris SA, Seals DR, Casey DP, Barlow PB, Stauss HM. Estimated aortic stiffness is independently associated with cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in humans: role of ageing and habitual endurance exercise. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(9):513-20.
38. Mitchell JH. Abnormal cardiovascular response to exercise in hypertension: contribution of neural factors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;312(6):R851-r63.
39. Perry CGR, Hawley JA. Molecular basis of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis: Historical advances, current knowledge, and future challenges. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(9).
40. Søgaard D, Lund MT, Scheuer CM, Dehlbaek MS, Dideriksen SG, Abildskov CV, et al. High-intensity interval training improves insulin sensitivity in older individuals. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2018;222(4):e13009.
41. Mølmen KS, Almquist NW, Skattebo Ø. Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: A systematic review and meta-regression. Sports Med. 2025;55(1):115-44.
42. Rossman MJ, Kaplon RE, Hill SD, McNamara MN, Santos-Parker JR, Pierce GL, et al. Endothelial cell senescence with aging in healthy humans: prevention by habitual exercise and relation to vascular endothelial function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;313(5):H890-h5.
43. Ross MD. Endothelial regenerative capacity and aging: Influence of diet, exercise and obesity. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2018;14(4):233-44.
44. Doewes RI, Gharibian G, Zadeh FA, Zaman BA, Vahdat S, Akhavan-Sigari R. An updated systematic review on the effects of aerobic exercise on human blood lipid profile. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48(5):101108.
45. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Babyak M, Waugh R, Georgiades A, et al. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(13):1947-58.
46. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Hinderliter A, Watkins LL, Craighead L, Lin PH, et al. Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(2):126-35.
47. Jabbarzadeh Ganjeh B, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Daneshvar M, Gohari Z, Norouziasl R, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hypertens Res. 2024;47(2):385-98.
48. Boutouyrie P, Chowienczyk P, Humphrey JD, Mitchell GF. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Circ Res. 2021;128(7):864-86.
49. Bruneau Jr ML, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Larson KA, Ash GI, Pescatello LS. The blood pressure response to acute and chronic aerobic exercise: A meta-analysis of candidate gene association studies. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(5):424-31.
50. Nascimento L, Santos A, Lucena J, Silva L, Almeida A, Brasileiro-Santos M. Acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in resistant hypertension: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18(1):250.
51. Saco-Ledo G, Valenzuela PL, Ramírez-Jiménez M, Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Blumenthal JA, et al. Acute aerobic exercise induces short-term reductions in ambulatory blood pressure in patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2021;78(6):1844-58.
52. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334-57.
53. Feairheller DL, Diaz KM, Kashem MA, Thakkar SR, Veerabhadrappa P, Sturgeon KM, et al. Effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on vascular health and blood pressure in a frican a mericans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(7):504-10.
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2026-06-11
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How to Cite
Nurhamda, W., Nazir, A., & Prabowo, T. (2026). Aerobic Exercise Only or in Combination with Resistance Exercise Provides a Significant Reduction in Blood Pressure: A Narrative Review. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1891
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